Hong Kong Proposal Essay Example for Free

Hong Kong Proposal Essay INTRODUCTION and BRIEF BACKGROUND Hong Kong was a Crown Colony of the United Kingdom from 1842 to 1997, when it was returned to the People’s Republic of China.  Ã‚   This handover of Hong Kong back to China is supported by two governing laws: the Sino-British Joint Declaration and the Basic Law of Hong Kong. Both laws uphold the policy of â€Å"one country, two systems,† which requires that Hong Kong will operate on its own until 2047, which is fifty years after its reversion back to China.    This means that the Central People’s Government will be responsible for the strategic defense and foreign affairs of Hong Kong while Hong Kong will retain control over its legal system, police force, monetary system, and policies on customs, immigration and delegates to various international organizations and events. The return of Hong Kong to China was received with different reactions both from its own citizens and from the international scene.   As to any situation, there are always two sides to a coin: the advantages and disadvantages of the Hong Kong handover.   This paper will present the positive and negative effects of the handover on the political, social, cultural and economic spheres of Hong Kong between 1997 and 2002.   The conclusion will deal with POLITICAL SCENE There were growing concerns with regard to the integration of a democratic system of government into the political culture of Hong Kong.   The international sphere remained skeptic about the effectiveness of democracy in Hong Kong and the number of local supporters have then declined as well. These concerns are mainly caused by the failure to solve domestic problems through democratic means and the inability of various democratic factions to come up with enticing operations to attract more supporters.   It is submitted that if the foundations of democracy cannot be held strongly by its political advocates, then democracy in Hong Kong may be even more difficult as expected, if not impossible at all. Tied with the difficulty of evolving into a democratic system is the challenge to have an independent judicial system.   There has been a loss of faith in the judicial system of Hong Kong with the rampant overruling of the decisions of the Court of Final Appeal of Hong Kong by the courts of Mainland China.   Such loss of faith leads to the loss of credibility of the Hong Kong judicial system, which worries the locals and some international organizations. HUMAN RIGHTS The term â€Å"human rights† is not limited to rights against self-incrimination, warrantless arrests, searches and seizures.   The term â€Å"human rights† includes freedom of speech and of the press.   Although human rights is highly regarded by Hong Kong, its local policies and practices cause   its own decline. The government of Hong Kong is so high strung on preventing factors that may cause social instability that it already contributes to the unprotection of human rights within its territory.   There had been reports of arrests of overstaying citizens of Mainland China, and the arrests of people who are campaigning for various social, economic and political issues by using the Public Order Ordinance to clothe such arrests with a faint tint of legality. There has also been the censorship of the media, whether by the government or by themselves, often called â€Å"self-censorship.†Ã‚   Media practitioners are so wary about overstepping the boundaries of local news that they, themselves, censor their own news on political affairs so as not to offend or stir any commotion with the leaders of the Mainland. ECONOMIC The handover of Hong Kong to China in 1997 was actually twinned with the great Asian Financial Crisis.   And the handover did not improve the economic situation of Hong Kong during the said crisis.   Despite the recovery of EU-US relations, improvement of the Mainland economy, and high-valued activities, there is still an increasing unemployment rate.   And this unemployment rate has been present even prior to the handover of Hong Kong to China.   It seems that there is little change in the economic life of Hong Kong. SOCIAL It cannot be discounted that for over a century, Hong Kong was influenced more by the British than by their Mainland people.   This is due to the obvious fact that Hong Kong was run by the British and not by the Chinese.   But since the handover, official visits of Mainland officials to Hong Kong paved way for a greater integration for both societies. Even the adoption of Mainland of development plans, which, in great part, includes Hong Kong has caused an opening of good relationships between the two.   Moreover, the loosening of travel restrictions allowed Mainland citizens to explore Hong Kong, and vice versa, so as to realize that there is no more British barrier and that they are all just from one culture.   It must be noted that apart from Mainland China, Hong Kong is building ties with Taiwan as well. CONCLUSION It’s been almost ten years since the reversion of Hong Kong back to China and with the fifty-year program of â€Å"one country, two systems,† it is quite early to tell whether or not the reversion is purely advantageous or disadvantageous to Hong Kong, and to China as well.

The Presidential Election Of 1880 Politics Essay

The Presidential Election Of 1880 Politics Essay Throughout the history of United States Presidential Elections, there have been many memorable campaigns and races for the right of one citizen to become the next President of the United States of America. These elections have been filled with gripping scandals, nail-biting finishes, unforgettable blunders, and their fair share of mudslinging. The Presidential Election of 1880 was of no exception, and encompassed all of the aforementioned aspects and more. It is at this pivotal time in 1880 that the country was continuing to mend itself from the self-inflicted wounds of secession and of a controversial presidency stemming from the election of 1876. With Rutherford B. Hayes foregoing a second term in office, the stage was set for a memorable election year, one fought amongst both some new and familiar faces. It would be the candidates partys views on some crucial issues, along with the pageantry of the candidates themselves, that would decide the outcome of this election. Up until the last day of campaigning, both Democrats and Republicans believed that their respective nominees would win the executive branch. However, after much time and effort, only one man would become President. Ultimately, the office of the presidency would come at a price no party could have predicted. The candidates that would eventually emerge as the front-runners for their parties werent favored much as the campaigns for the presidency began in 1880. At the start of the campaign, the Republican Party was divided into 3 distinct factions: the Stalwarts, the Reformers, and the Half-Breeds. The Stalwarts were conservatives who opposed civil service reform, conversely supported the patronage system, favored protectionist tariffs, and endorsed a third-term for former-President Ulysses S. Grant. The Reformers were liberals who advocated civil service reform and free trade. The Half-Breeds were moderates who accepted some degree of civil service reform, implemented piecemeal over time.  [1]   By May 1880, former-President Grant was probable to win the nomination of the Republican Party. However, James Garfield, an Ohio representative and former Union general, was gaining recognition as a possible surprise candidate. At this time in the campaign, Garfield was actually supporting John Sherman, the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury. The two men had struck a deal earlier in which Garfield was to campaign for Sherman because he had helped Garfield become a senator-elect recently. When the time had come, Garfield, along with his fellow Ohioans, made the trek to Chicago for the Republican National Convention, which was set to begin on June 2, 1880. It is here that Garfield would become part of one of the most thrilling party conventions ever. He began his climb towards nomination by being elected the head of the Committee on Rules shortly following the commencement of the convention. After a riveting, impromptu speech before the convention, support for Garfield hit a new high. In f act, his popularity was so great that Roscoe Conkling, a prominent Republican figure who was attending, remarked: New York requests that Ohios real candidate and dark horse come forwardà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã‚  [2]   This support would carry over into the nomination when on the 34th ballot, seemingly out of nowhere, Wisconsin awarded her 16 votes to Garfield. This, in turn, started a stampede among the Half-Breed and other anti-Grant supporters in favor of Garfield. On the 36th ballot, James Garfield was nominated with 399 votes, a monumental upset for those who predicted the nomination of Grant, the Half-Breed leader James G. Blaine, or even John Sherman. Mystery still surrounds the fact whether Garfield planned to usurp the nomination the way he did, seeing as though entries from his personal journal are left blank during the Republican National Convention, which would give insight to his inner thoughts and ambitions. Nevertheless, Chester A. Arthur was chosen to be Garfields running mate in an attempt to secure the support of the Stalwarts and to win New York for the Republicans. The nomination of the Democrats was hardly less inspiring. In the early stages of the campaign, U.S. Senator Thomas Bayard was the likely candidate to be nominated and had much support in the South. As of May 1880, though, General Winfield Scott Hancock was drawing attention in the Deep South. Although for the most part they were convinced that the movement towards Hancock was insignificant, the shadow of another general on horseback continued to alarm some of Bayards supporters.  [3]  Perhaps those wary Bayard supporters had a reason to be distressed, for at the Democratic National Convention in Cincinnati, a fiery, Irish delegate from Pennsylvania named Daniel Dougherty made a rousing speech in favor of Hancocks nomination. Mayhem ensued as thousands of delegates began cheering for Hancock. In fact, after the second ballot, Hancock was nominated with the incredible amount of 705 votes. The former favorite, Bayard, only got 2. Quickly after, William H. English was chosen to be t he vice-presidential nominee. The choice of English was based on sound political logic. Hancock, as it was argued, by uniting Irving Hall and Tammany Hall would carry New York, and Indiana would certainly follow English, her own native son. Thus Indianas 15 electoral votes and New Yorks 35 in addition to the solid Souths 138 would spell victory for the Democrats for the first time since 1856.  [4]   At these same conventions where the two primary candidates were selected by their parties, the party platforms were also revealed. The Republican platform stressed the need for protective tariffs that would disproportionately benefit American labor, a reformation of civil service through the use of a series of tests to ensure qualifications for applicants, restricted immigration from China, and separate, non-public funds to pay for the establishment of sectarian schools. The platform commended President Hayes, a Republican, for his service to his country and proceeded to shame the Democrats by comparing them to the rebels of the Civil War.  [5]  The Democratic platform, in turn, recalled the Great Fraud of 1876, the name given by some to the event in which Rutherford B. Hayes was elected President after losing to Democrat Samuel J. Tilden in the popular vote and winning the electoral vote by one through a potentially shady agreement. Furthermore, the Democratic platform called fo r a less powerful central government, a cease to all Chinese immigration, civil service reform, lower tariffs, and free trade.  [6]  The platform also included that there would only be a tariff for revenue only. In time, this last plank of the platform would prove to be the bane of Candidate Hancocks existence. During this election, the impact of major third parties was minimal. All three of the major third parties nominated their choices for president in June/July of 1880 and all three of their nominees were military generals. The Greenback party, the most influential of the three third parties, stood for labor reform (shorter hours, better conditions, no child labor), for economic reform (payment of debts, restrictions on monopolies, regulated currency), restriction on Chinese labor, and for the end of sectional disunity. It can be argued that this platform wouldnt have been found too unreasonable. However, the Greenbackers made a critical blunder when they invited Socialists into their convention, which no doubt lost them some votes. The other two third parties were the Prohibitionists and the Anti-Masons. The Prohibitionists were against the consumption of alcohol and its party platform explicitly revealed the dangers of it. The Anti-Masons believed their mission was to expose, withstan d, and remove secret societies, Free masonry in particular, and other anti-Christian movements, in order to save the churches of Christ from being depraved.  [7]  Having such a narrow objective hurt the Prohibitionists and Anti-Masons. In the end, the only way that a third party could have any impact on the election was if its votes were absorbed by either the Democrats or the Republicans. Among the foreign and domestic issues brought to light during this presidential campaign, those of Chinese immigration, sectionalism, and protective tariffs were the primary ones contemplated. By 1880, an overwhelming number of Chinese immigrants had traveled to the west coast of the United States in search of jobs. These Chinese workers worked for less than an American would and many westerners worried for their own job security. This disdain for immigrants was felt most in California. Although both party platforms called for restrictions to such immigration, many Californians were wary of Candidate Garfields sincerity to the cause. This was due to the fact that a year and a half earlier Garfield had voted against a bill that was inconsistent with the Burlingame Treaty of 1868, a treaty which provided limitless Chinese immigration. Later, Garfield tried to reassure western states that he would handle the immigration issue with their concerns in mind, though many doubted his sincerit y. The issue of sectionalism reemerged when Republicans once again began waving the bloody shirt, a reference to the Souths secession some 20 years earlier. Numerous pamphlets and songs were created by Republicans to associate the southern and more Democratic states, as well as Hancock himself, with secession. One such song included the lines: A Union General leads, my boys Secession on the field Well meet it with brave deeds, my boys: Once more foredoomed to yield!  [8]   These pieces of propaganda were made to make people believe that if Hancock were elected, he would give all power to the former-rebellious southern states. Democrats believed that this accusation was simply absurd. Nevertheless, these actions taken by the Republican Party showed that almost two decades after the Civil War started, reunification was still a delicate issue. Lastly, tariffs were, arguably, the most important issue. Both parties had different stances on the matter. The Republicans argued for a protective tariff. They believed that by protecting American business, wages for workers would remain at a high level. The Democrats, however, believed in a tariff for revenue only. This would open the doors for free trade. Critics of this idea believed that American manufacturing would crumble and that this action would spell disaster for the wages of laborers. American laboring men were everywhere solemnly warned by signs, handbills, documents, and newspapers that, unless they wished to be reduced to the pittance that Europeans called wages, they had better vote the Republican ticket.  [9]  Among these three issues discussed, the tariff issue would no doubt play a huge role in deciding who won the election. The way in which each campaign was conducted and the various major events that occurred during them created momentum swings at different times for each candidate. Garfield more or less conducted a type of front porch campaign. This campaign consisted of him welcoming voters into his home in order to become more familiar with their needs and to appear concerned. He actually had his campaign managers and fellow Republicans do much of his work across the nation. These Garfield supporters would wave the bloody shirt issue and poke at Hancocks inexperience in politics. Mockery pertaining to the latter was shown in a Republican pamphlet called A Record of the Statesmanship and Political Achievements of General Winfield Scott Hancock. This particular pamphlet included only blank pages. Following an early defeat in the Maine state elections, Republicans began to channel immense sums of money in order to step up the campaign effort. After all, the Democrats had presumably spent $100,000 in Ma ine in just one week! Large businesses were eager to help the Republican cause, as they had an interest in its success. After Secretary of State Carl Schurz made speeches in San Francisco almost exclusively regarding business interests, it became clear that economic issues would take precedence over all other concerns. In addition to the efforts made by Secretary of State Schurz, Senator Conkling and former-President Grant also campaigned for Garfield; at one rally in Warren, Ohio the two spoke to a crowd of approximately 40,000 people! The Democrats, for the most part, tried to remind the public of the corrupt Election of 1876 in which President Rutherfraud had been elected. However, these actions were put on hold temporarily as Hancock struggled to make clear his views on the tariff issue. His knowledge on this subject was questioned so greatly that he was made fun of in a cartoon by the famous Thomas Nast. The cartoon depicted Hancock on a speakers platform whispering in a companions ear, Who is Tariff and why is he for revenue only?'  [10]  At a major Democratic rally sponsored by Tammany Hall in New York, Hancock asked Senator Bayard to discuss the tricky tariff issue for him, a somewhat acknowledgement of his own inability to do so gracefully. When the Democrats could afford to take the offensive, Garfields character was within their crosshairs. Two very big scandals gave them significant amounts of ammunition against Garfield: The Credit Mobilier Scandal and the Morey Letter. During the construction of the Union Pacific Railroad, the leading directors of the Union Pacific Railroad Company hired themselves out to a fake company that they had created, named Credit Mobilier, in order to keep the remaining surplus money. Many Congressmen were given bribes in the form of stock in this fake company in order to keep quiet. On February 18, 1873, a committee found that Garfield had received a check for $329 for dividends from his share of stock. During the campaign, Democrats marked numerous buildings with the number 329 in order to remind voters of Garfields doubtful past. A second scandal to rock the Republican campaign was that of the Morey Letter. On October 18, 1880, a letter supposedly written by Garfield to H.L. Morey of Ma ssachusetts was discovered on the desk of the publisher of New York Truth. Its contents contained convincing evidence that Garfield supported Chinese immigration. It included that he felt that individuals or companies have the right to buy labor where they can get it cheapest and that the United States has a treaty with the Chinese Government which should be religiously keptà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã‚  [11]  Although it was later proved to be a forgery, some of Garfields credibility was lost. It certainly didnt do him any good to wait a whole week before openly denying it! Thus the Democrats were able to gain support by attacking Garfield throughout their campaign. This onslaught of Garfields character abruptly came to a stop when Hancock made a severe political blunder just a little over a week before the election. In an interview with the Paterson Daily Guardian, Hancock attempted to clarify his tariff for revenue only. While stating the case that he would in fact favor American businesses, he concluded by saying that the tariff question is a local question. Although he was correct in context, this statement made it appear as though he was out of touch and not concerned with everyday working men. This had an adverse impact on his campaign with little time to recover. Nevertheless, as both partys campaigns winded down and the candidates braced for Election Day, each candidate firmly believed that he had won the Presidency. The news of 3 A.M. is fully justified by the morning papersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦We have at least 212 electoral votes, a small majority in the House and the Senate nearly or quite a tie.  [12]  Thus were the words written by James A. Garfield in his journal on November 3, 1880 when he learned he was to be the 20th President of the United States. When the official results were revealed, Garfield had won 214 electoral votes to Hancocks 155. By these numbers, Garfield seemed to have won easily; however, the popular vote was extremely close with Garfield possessing roughly 4,453,337 votes to Hancocks approximate 4,444,267 votes. The difference between these two tallies was the equivalent to .1% of the total population. To date this is the closest margin of victory in the popular vote in any U.S. Presidential Election. Not only was this election the closest in the popular vote, but it also had one of the highest voter turnouts in United States history, 79.4%. This percentage is only passed by the turnout in the elections of 1840, 1860, and 1876 (notably all previous elections). In recent years, the voter turnout has been significantly lower. In the last five Presidential Elections, voter turnout has ranged from 49.08% to 57.48%. For the past 20 years, on average only about 53% of the total population has been involved in choosing our President. This is certainly not healthy for our republican form of government, in which an active population must remain involved politically in order for greater representation of the masses. At least in the Presidential Election of 1880, the people accepted their responsibility as citizens and participated in a remarkable fashion to choose the next President. President James Garfield owed much of his victory to the battleground state of New York. New Yorks 35 electoral votes were ultimately the difference in the election. The solid South had given her 138 votes for Hancock, as can be seen in the electoral map that follows: http://profbutler.watermelon-kid.com/images/maps/HIST1302_Part_1/800px-1880_Electoral_Map.gif This left him with only 47 more votes to secure in order for him to become President. Unfortunately, Hancock could only muster 17 additional votes; a combined 8 from California and Nevada, no doubt influenced by the Morey Letter, and 9 from New Jersey, the only northern state to go for the Democrats. The Democrats failed to carry New York in part due to the divisions between Irving Hall and Tammany Hall. At the time, there was also speculation that New York might have gone Republican for another more sinister reason. In July of 1880, George W. Atkins, a friend of Garfields, had written him about the idea of bringing 3,000 voters from Vermont, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania along with 6,000 Canadians to New York to vote for the Republicans. No evidence was ever found that Garfield had used this strategy. However, many Democrats swore that they had been deceived. Nevertheless, Garfield received a superfluous amount of congratulatory letters, including one peculiar letter from Willie M adden of Number One, Hanson Place, Brooklyn, New York: I am a little boy five years oldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.I am sorry Arthur has to be President when you die. I would like to know whether you are a bad man or a good oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.If not, I think Arthur must take your place.  [13]   This prophetic letter would prove no more eerie than on July 2, 1881. On that fateful day, President Garfield was on his way to celebrate his 25th college reunion and was standing at the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad Station in Washington, D.C. when he was shot twice. His assailant was the Stalwart Charles Guiteau, who was upset with the President after he had been denied the position of U.S. Consul in Paris on six different occasions. Guiteau thought that it was unfair that many Half-Breeds had received government jobs (ie. James Blaine had been chosen Secretary of State), and the Stalwarts appeared to have been denied these rewards. After being rushed to safety, doctors tended to the President. Alexander Graham Bell used a primitive form of the metal detector to try to locate one bullet in Garfields back, but to no avail. After 80 days of suffering, President Garfield died. This assassination drew much sympathy from the public for their fallen President and much loathing for the S talwarts. Chester A. Arthur would now become President. Although there was much speculation on how he would act as President, from an early stage he made it known that he supported the movement towards the adoption of the merit system of awarding government jobs to those most competent. As for Guiteau, he was hanged on June 30, 1882. Although the Presidential Elections of 1880 and 2012 occurred 132 years apart, certain aspects of each have made a comparison of the two possible. One major campaign factor that is unique to both election years is the use of money on the campaign trail. During the Presidential Election of 1880, James Ford Rhodes, a historian of the day, wrote that in Indiana money was used to an extent hitherto unknown in American politics.  [14]  He was referring to the use of money to buy votes for either candidate. In fact, at one time Garfield was told that there were 30,000 merchantable votes in the state [Indiana],à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦which side will manage to buy the most of them is the question.  [15]  This new era of corruption in politics through the use of money indeed snuck its way into the Presidential Election of 1880. In 2012, a new era in campaign spending has likewise occurred. In 2010, Citizens United [a political action committee (PAC)] sued the Federal Election Commission in the Supreme Court on the basis of unfair campaign spending restrictions. Citizens United won its suit. The ruling established that as long as the free use of money is considered the same as free speech, then corporations and unions have the right to give unlimited amounts of money to presidential candidates. In 2012, campaign spending has hit a new high and shows no sign of stopping in years to come. Another comparison to be made between these two election years is the issue of immigration. In 1880, Americans on the west coast of the United States were concerned with the influx of immigration coming from China. Americans were alarmed that these Chinese workers would steal jobs away from them. In the Presidential Election of 2012, Hispanic immigration was one subject of controversy. The Republicans have tended to believe in harsher immigration laws, whereas Democrats for the most part believe in altering laws to accommodate immigrants. The main difference between the immigration issue of 1880 and 2012 is that in 1880, there was the call to restrict the legal immigrants from China. In 2012, there have been pleas from many to stop the illegal immigration from the Hispanic countries to the south. Another difference that is important to note is that the positions of the two parties have relatively switched sides since 1880. Back in 1880, the Democrats, and not the Republicans, were th e ones proposing stricter immigration laws. The last comparison between these two elections is that both sets of campaigns have consisted of substantial amounts of mudslinging. In the Presidential Election of 1880, both candidates attempted to paint the other in a bad light. Garfield poked at Hancocks inexperience in politics while Hancock attempted to discredit Garfield by bringing up scandal after scandal. In 2012, television viewers have been bombarded with commercials detailing flaws in the candidates. One ad supporting President Obama connected Mitt Romney with the death of a woman who had not been able to afford healthcare after her husbands workplace was shut down by Romneys company, Bain Capital. Likewise, pro-Romney ads have attacked Obamas government spending and business experience as well as his handling of the economy. While some might think its wrong to attack ones opponent so openly, these two elections have shown that it takes an aggressive, offensive strategy to sway the masses. In retrospect, the Presidential Election of 1880 was one of the most exciting to date. From Garfields surprise nomination to Hancocks plight regarding the tariff issue all the way to Garfields eventual narrow victory in the popular vote, the Presidential Election of 1880 proved to be especially intriguing. It seems ironic, as it would be, that Garfield would fall victim to the bullets of an assassin shortly into his term as President. Garfields legacy lived on though through Chester A. Arthur, who, as mentioned previously, upheld Garfields policies. Perhaps Garfield said it best when he wrote in his journal: Some civil service reform will come by necessity after the wearisome years of wasted presidents have paved the way for it.  [16]  We will never know how the world would have turned out had Garfield survived or if it would have even made a difference. However, we can take some comfort in knowing that todays politicians have the luxury of analyzing previous elections so that th ey can be knowledgeable of the past while still looking forward to the future. By Joseph San Nicolas Notes

Ways of Racial Categorizing Essay -- Racial Relations, Discrimination

What is discrimination? Discrimination is a combination of representation, stereotyping and ideology set by society to rank different groups of people. In an excerpt of â€Å"The Woman in the Window†, Ramona Lowe shows that there is a racial discrimination toward African-Americans in America. The story focuses on Mrs. Jackson, an African-American who lives in the north, and the struggles she faces at her work place. She was hired to cook in front of a restaurant window dressing as a stereotypical â€Å"Southern mammy† (Lowe 3) to attract customers. While cooking in front of the restaurant window, Mrs. Jackson was laughed at by a group of white kids who called her â€Å"Aunt Jemima and nigger† (Lowe 3). Clearly, Mrs. Jackson was mistreated because the society she lives in ranks her race, Black, lower than her bosses', which is white. Lowe’s short story, â€Å"The Woman in the Window†, demonstrates a racial discrimination against Blacks during the 194 0s by incorporating representation, stereotyping and ideology in the text. In order to illustrate the segregation of African-American, Lowe uses representation in her work. The characters in the story represent a social status based on race: the owners, Mr. Parsons and Kraft, represent the high-class and Mrs. Jackson represents the low-class. First, let’s discuss how Lowe shows the audience that Mr. Parsons and Kraft represent the high-class. For instance, the narrator frequently refers to Mr. Parsons and Kraft as â€Å"the proprietor† (Lowe 2) but always refers to Mrs. Jackson as herself. By using the word â€Å"proprietor† instead of their names, Lowe shows a separation between Mrs. Jackson and Mr. Parsons and Kraft. This use of word declares that the owners are a representation of high-class. They are different... ... So by using ideology, Lowe can reveal the racial discrimination against Blacks. After the establishment of the Jim Crow law, America faces the problem of African-American segregation. An excerpt from Ramona Lowe’s short story, â€Å"The Woman in the Window†, demonstrates a racial discrimination against Blacks during the 1940s by incorporating representation, stereotyping and ideology. First of all, the representation of the owners as high-class and Mrs. Jackson as low-class shows that representation can be use to demonstrate racial discrimination. Secondly, the owners’ assumption that Mrs. Jackson is from Georgia and that she needs money proves that stereotyping can be use to demonstrate racial discrimination. Lastly, the white children laughing and calling Mrs. Jackson â€Å"Aunt Jimima and nigger† is evidence that ideology can be use to demonstrate racial discrimination.

The Physics of Basic Antenna Theory and Design :: physics

Long ago there lived a race of cat people who had much the same problems with antennas that we humans have today: bad reception during the last few seconds of a game, continual snow during their favorite part of their favorite movie, and a severe lack of the "magic position" that one is required to hold when covered in tin foil and grasping the antenna. Unfortunately for them, they did not have this web page to reference and therefore they died. This left an opening for humans. Initially, humans could only communicate verbally over short distances, yelling distance that is, stirring in them a desire for long distance communication (very different from a long distance relationship, do not get the two confused, otherwise this site will make absolutely no sense). Okay, so I made that part about the cats up, but seriously, if anyone knows how to get good reception with a younger brother covered in tin foil, let me know......not that I have done it, mind you, I am just wondering. Now, on with the show. The first antenna experiments were conducted by Joseph Henry in 1842 at Princeton University. Henry was successful at "throwing a spark," when he observed that magnetic needles were magnetized by a current induced in a circuit several floors up. In 1885, Thomas Edison patented a communication system the used a type of vertical antenna. Then came James Clerk Maxwell, who in 1864, presented his theory on electromagnetism to the Royal Society, providing the theoretical foundation for antennas. With this discovery, many other scientists began to explore this new frontier and the age of the radio began. Just so you do not end up like this guy, I am going to explain a few terms so the technical discussion is a little easier to follow. (Note: do not actually try to open a window in such a manner, you will most likely throw your shoulder out because mice have relatively low mass and it takes a heck of an arm to get them up to window cracking speed, aka "ludicrous speed" for you Space Balls fans). The terminology is as follows: Technical Stuff Here is the information that goes a little deeper into the theory of how an antenna works. Although this is not a very intellectually intense site, I will warn those viewers on a lunch break or perhaps surfing the net while "between projects," that there are some concepts on this page that use what some people call "math," and other supposedly important "scientific information. The Physics of Basic Antenna Theory and Design :: physics Long ago there lived a race of cat people who had much the same problems with antennas that we humans have today: bad reception during the last few seconds of a game, continual snow during their favorite part of their favorite movie, and a severe lack of the "magic position" that one is required to hold when covered in tin foil and grasping the antenna. Unfortunately for them, they did not have this web page to reference and therefore they died. This left an opening for humans. Initially, humans could only communicate verbally over short distances, yelling distance that is, stirring in them a desire for long distance communication (very different from a long distance relationship, do not get the two confused, otherwise this site will make absolutely no sense). Okay, so I made that part about the cats up, but seriously, if anyone knows how to get good reception with a younger brother covered in tin foil, let me know......not that I have done it, mind you, I am just wondering. Now, on with the show. The first antenna experiments were conducted by Joseph Henry in 1842 at Princeton University. Henry was successful at "throwing a spark," when he observed that magnetic needles were magnetized by a current induced in a circuit several floors up. In 1885, Thomas Edison patented a communication system the used a type of vertical antenna. Then came James Clerk Maxwell, who in 1864, presented his theory on electromagnetism to the Royal Society, providing the theoretical foundation for antennas. With this discovery, many other scientists began to explore this new frontier and the age of the radio began. Just so you do not end up like this guy, I am going to explain a few terms so the technical discussion is a little easier to follow. (Note: do not actually try to open a window in such a manner, you will most likely throw your shoulder out because mice have relatively low mass and it takes a heck of an arm to get them up to window cracking speed, aka "ludicrous speed" for you Space Balls fans). The terminology is as follows: Technical Stuff Here is the information that goes a little deeper into the theory of how an antenna works. Although this is not a very intellectually intense site, I will warn those viewers on a lunch break or perhaps surfing the net while "between projects," that there are some concepts on this page that use what some people call "math," and other supposedly important "scientific information.

Anton Chekhovs Selected Stories :: Selected Stories Essays

Anton Chekhov is a master at showing aspects of real life; how fed up people are, how it really is without the everyday pleasantries, and how exploitable people are by one another. Chekhov uses these three aspects with great mastery to show his form of real life in his "Selected Stories." Chekhov shows how fed up people are with one another in his short story the "Jailer Jailed." This story is about a man, who is a prosecuting attorney, is actually living in his own jail; being married to his wife who lets him do nothing but wait on her hand and foot. "I understand what it means to be in jail!" This quote explains just how the man feels living his life the way he is. The above is a direct example in life as how fed up people are. It just makes weird sense that a man with so much power with people doesn't have a prayer with his wife. "Milksop" is another one of Chekhov's stories showing how real life is, but this particular one depicts life without its pleasantries. This story is about a reporter who wants to be invited to this prestigious party but can't go because he works for the press. This shows real life without its pleasantries. Because the man couldn't get into the party because he was a reporter, his public power failed him. "A Nincompoop" also shows real life as Chekhov sees it, but this particular one depicts how exploitable people are by one another. This story begins with a women's payday. But, to her surprise her employer starts to deduct for things she has broken and for other dumb reasons. When he gets all done all she is left with is eleven out of sixty rubles. But she takes them gladly anyway. Then her employer asks if she thinks this is fair, and she agrees. Then her employer says that she is stupid and gives her the

Research methodology Essay

There are several types of research methodology, however this discourse is mainly focused on what would be described as a case study, since its primary effort is to review the potential that Pepsi Saudi would emerge from its decision to implement Balance Scorecard as a winner. So this will use both quantitative and qualitative research framework . This section will outline the qualitative and quantitative research methods, the case study research method, and the questionnaire research method. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY. Usually quantitative research employs the method that is based on testing of theories. It uses measurement of numbers, and statistical analysis to perform its studies. The idea behind quantitative research is often to ascertain that a generalized theory or the prediction of a theory will be confirmed by using quantitative method. So it starts with the hypothesis and the theories that requires to be tested. The approach of quantitative research include the use of instruments, usually formal and generally recognized instruments. It is conducts experiments with an underlying expectation that a consensus would be arrived at. It usually aims to arrive at a predictable  generalization, and it would normally have a causal explanation. It can control and manipulate the subject, with deduction and analysis. The idea is really to establish consensus by reducing data to numerical indications. So the goal of quantitative research is the determination a given prediction, it wants to see that such generalization could be verified or confirmed. In general the quantitative methodology assumes that there is an objective reality which is independent of the person doing the research, it also takes the position that the subject of study can be done in an objective manner. The researcher must maintain independence from the research object. And the research is not expected to be value affected. In other words the researcher must make sure that he or she does not become a part of the research. This is known as being value free of the research itself. The quantitative methodology tests cause and effect by using deductive logic. When done correctly a quantitative research should be able to predict, and explain the theory in question. (O’brien 1998). TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH: There are generally three different types of quantitative research, experimental research,  qausi -experimental research, and surveys. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH: In experimental research, the researcher is active, as opposed to a passive agent who simply observes. The researcher is able to manipulate the subject that is being studied, or at least some part of the subject that is being studied. Also experimental research entails that the research must use some kind of control in the research process, usually a control group would be one of the elements of experimental research. Also the researcher would apply random selection to the control group. The research applies manipulative element to some of the subjects under study but he will not apply the same manipulation to other subjects. So the research uses what is known as â€Å"placebo† in some of the experimental subjects, and not in others. QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH: Quasi-experimental research does not use the control random system that experimental research uses, but it can manipulate some independent variables. So in order to five authenticity to the result of the quasi-experimental research, the researcher can implement some controls, but he does not use random system. SURVEYS: Surveys uses cross- sections or longitudinal studies, and questionnaires in its research. It uses data and conducts interviews with the aim of making an estimation about the given subject of study. Surveys does not involve experimental interventions. Survey are considered advantageous because it could be used to study many subjects, in many topics. Also the information garnered from surveys could be used for different purposes. Although surveys are usually expensive, but they are considered economical because the results could be applied to various things. (Polit 1989).

Gcse History Revision Notes – Germany

History Revision Notes – Germany Weimar – strengths and weaknesses The Weimar Republic After Germany lost the First World War, the Kaiser fled and a new democratic government of Germany was declared in February 1919 at the small town of Weimar. It was too dangerous to make a declaration in Berlin where there had just been a revolt by a Communist group called the Spartacists. STRENGTHS †¢ A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech and religion, and equality under the law. †¢ All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote. †¢ There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag (parliament). The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which had to do what the Reichstag wanted. WEAKNESSES †¢ Proportional representation – instead of voting for an MP, like we do in Britain,Weimar Germans voted for a party. Each party was then allocated seats in the Reichstag exactly reflecting (proportional' to) th e number of people who had voted for it. This sounds fair, but in practice it was a disaster it resulted in dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority, and, therefore, no government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag. This was a major weakness of the Republic. Article 48 – this said that, in an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the Reichstag, but could issue decrees [Decrees: Laws passed by one minister in a parliament, which have not been approved by the majority parliament. ]. The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and in the end, it turned out to be a way that Hitler used to take power legally. Weimar – problems 1919-1923 The Weimar Republic faced opposition from the outset in 1919, after the signing of the Treaty of Versailles. Economic hardship affected the whole nation and led to uprisings and assassinations.Key problems The Weimar Republic was created at a time of confusion and ch aos after Germany had lost the First World War. Many people felt that Germany had received a very harsh deal in the Treaty of Versailles and they resented the government for signing it and agreeing to its conditions. The Weimar Republic faced violent uprisings from various groups, not to mention economic problems. Germany between 1918 and 1919 was in chaos. People were starving, the Kaiser had fled and people hated the government for signing the armistice to end the war in November 1918 – they called them the November criminals.Bands of soldiers called Freikorps refused to disband and formed private armies. It was not a good start for the Republic. There was continuous violence and unrest: †¢ In March 1920, there was a rebellion – the Kapp Putsch – that aimed to bring back the Kaiser . †¢ Nationalist terror groups assassinated 356 government politicians. †¢ Many of the people in Germany were communists who wanted to bring in a Russian-style commun ist government. There were a number of communist uprisings. For instance, in 1919 the Spartacists rebelled in Berlin. [pic] The Kapp Putsch march in March 1920, the right-wing nationalist Dr Wolfgang Kapp took over Berlin. The army refused to attack him; he was only defeated when the workers of Berlin went on strike. The Weimar government's main crisis occurred in 1923, when the Germans failed to make a reparations payment ( payments made for damage caused in WW1. Part of T of V) on time, which set off a train of events that included: †¢ a French invasion of the Ruhr †¢ a general strike †¢ hyperinflation †¢ a number of communist rebellions †¢ an attempted Nazi putsch in Munich Weimar – crisis of 1923The 1923 crisis began when Germany missed a reparations payment. This situation spiralled out of control and once again the German people were unhappy and in financial difficulty, so uprisings occurred throughout the country. Hyperinflation The sudden floo d of paper money into the economy, on top of the general strike – which meant that no goods were manufactured, so there was more money, chasing fewer goods – combined with a weak economy ruined by the war, all resulted in hyperinflation. Prices ran out of control – eg a loaf of bread, which cost 250 marks in January 1923 had risen to 200,000 million marks in November 1923.German's currency became worthless. But remember: †¢ Some people made fortunes during the crisis. One man borrowed money to buy a herd of cattle, but soon after paid back his loan by selling one cow. †¢ People on wages were safe, because they renegotiated their wages every day. †¢ Pensioners on fixed incomes and people with savings were the most badly hit. One woman sold her house with the intention of using the money to live on. A few weeks later, the money wasn't even enough to buy a loaf of bread. The Early Nazi Party The Nazi ideology: †¢ Lebensraum – the need for ‘living space' for the German nation to expand. A strong Germany – the Treaty of Versailles should be abolished and all German-speaking people united in one country. †¢ Fuhrer – the idea that there should be a single leader with complete power rather than a democracy. †¢ Social Darwinism – the idea that the Aryan race was superior and Jews were ‘subhuman'. †¢ Autarky – the idea that Germany should be economically self-sufficient. †¢ Germany was in danger – from Communists and Jews, who had to be destroyed. The appeal of the Nazis In the 1920s, the Nazis tried to be all things to all people.The 25-Point Programme had policies that were: †¢ Socialist – eg farmers should be given their land; pensions should improve; and public industries such as electricity and water should be owned by the state. †¢ Nationalist – all German-speaking people should be united in one country; the Treaty of Versaille s should be abolished; and there should be special laws for foreigners. †¢ Racist – Jews should not be German citizens and immigration should be stopped. †¢ Fascist – a strong central government and control of the newspapers. The Nazis did not appeal to: †¢ working men who voted Communist intellectuals such as students and university professors They were popular with: †¢ nationalists and racists †¢ farmers †¢ lower middle-class people such as plumbers and shopkeepers who were worried about the chaos Germany was in †¢ rich people worried by the threat from Communism Rebellions Unsurprisingly, the hardships created by hyperinflation led to many uprisings as groups struggled to take power from Weimar. The Munich Putsch 1923 In November 1923, Hitler tried to take advantage of the crisis facing the Weimar government by instigating a revolution in Munich.It seemed like the perfect opportunity, but poor planning and misjudgement resulted in failure and the subsequent imprisonment of Adolf Hitler. Summary At first, the Nazis were just a terrorist group. Hitler assembled a large group of unemployed young men and former soldiers, known as the storm troopers (the SA), which attacked other political groups. Hitler hoped to take power by starting a revolution During the crisis of 1923, therefore, Hitler plotted with two nationalist politicians – Kahr and Lossow – to take over Munich in a revolution.Hitler collected his storm troopers and told them to be ready to rebel. But then, on 4 October 1923, Kahr and Lossow called off the rebellion. This was an impossible situation for Hitler, who had 3,000 troops ready to fight. [pic] Hitler waved a gun at Khar and Lossow On the night of 8 November 1923, Hitler and 600 storm troopers burst into a meeting that Kahr and Lossow were holding at the local Beer Hall. Waving a gun at them, Hitler forced them to agree to rebel – and then let them go home. The SA took over the army headquarters and the offices of the local newspaper. 16 Nazis were killed in the scuffleThe next day, 9 November 1923, Hitler and his Nazis went into Munich on what they thought would be a triumphal march to take power. However, Kahr had called in police and army reinforcements. There was a short scuffle in which the police killed 16 Nazis. Hitler fled, but was arrested two days later. Why did Hitler attempt the Munich Putsch in 1923? 1. By 1923, the Nazi party had 55,000 members and was stronger than ever before. 2. The Weimar Republic was in crisis and about to collapse. 3. In September 1923, the Weimar government had called off the general strike, and every German nationalist was furious with the government. . Hitler thought he would be helped by important nationalist politicians in Bavaria. 5. Hitler had a huge army of storm troopers, but he knew he would lose control of them if he did not give them something to do. 6. Hitler hoped to copy Mussolini – the Italia n fascist leader – who had come to power in Italy in 1922 by marching on Rome. Results of the Munich Putsch The Munich Putsch was a failure. As a result: 1. The Nazi party was banned, and Hitler was prevented from speaking in public until 1927. 2. Hitler went to prison, where he wrote ‘Mein Kampf'.Millions of Germans read it, and Hitler's ideas became very well-known. 3. Hitler decided that he would never come to power by revolution; he realised that he would have to use constitutional means, so he organised: o the Hitler Youth o propaganda campaigns o mergers with other right-wing parties o local branches of the party, which tried to get Nazis elected to the Reichstag o the SS as his personal bodyguard, which was set up in 1925 It was this strategy of gaining power legitimately that eventually brought him to power. How did the Weimar Republic survive?In 1923 the Weimar Republic was teetering at the brink of a very large cliff with problems such as hyperinflation, attem pted revolutions and public discontent, pushing it increasingly towards the edge. How could the Republic possibly survive? Gustav Stresemann and Charles Dawes In 1923, the Weimar Republic was on the verge of collapse, but, surprisingly, the crisis was the start of a period of stability and success. The period 1923-1929 was a time when the economy boomed and cultural life flourished in Germany. This dramatic turnabout happened because Germany was saved by two people – Gustav Stresemann and Charles Dawes.Gustav Stresemann had been a nationalist, but he realised that something needed to be done to save Germany. Under Stresemann's guidance, the government called off the strike, persuaded the French to leave the Ruhr and even got the rest of the world to allow Germany to join the League of Nations in 1926. Stresemann also introduced reforms to help ordinary people such as job centres, unemployment pay and better housing. Charles Dawes was the US budget director. In 1923, he was se nt to Europe to sort out Germany's economy. Under his advice, the German Reichsbank was reformed and the old money was called in and burned.This ended the hyperinflation. Dawes also arranged the Dawes Plan with Stresemann, which gave Germany longer to pay reparations. Most importantly, Dawes agreed to America lending Germany 800 million gold marks, which kick-started the German economy. Was Weimar stable during 1923-1929? Despite all the successes, many historians believe that the stability of the Weimar republic was illusory: 1. The nationalists and fascists did not win many seats in the Reichstag, but they were allowed to exist and campaign, so they were just waiting for the right opportunity to attempt a takeover again. . Everything depended on American money – if that stopped, Germany was ready to return to crisis. 3. No political party had a majority. Coalition gov’t struggled to agree and get laws passed. 4. Dawes Plan and new currency meant eco was stable Hitler 's rise to power Hitler's rise to power cannot be attributed to one event, but a mixture of factors including events happening outside Germany, the strengths of the Nazi party, and the weaknesses of other parties within Germany. Hitler used these factors to his advantage and in 1933 he legitimately gained power to become chancellor.In 1929, the American Stock Exchange collapsed, and caused an economic depression. America called in all its foreign loans, which destroyed Weimar Germany due to the Dawes Plan. Unemployment in Germany rose to 6 million. The government did not know what to do. In July 1930 Chancellor Bruning cut government expenditure, wages and unemployment pay – the worst thing to do during a depression. He could not get the Reichstag to agree to his actions, so President Hindenburg used Article 48 to pass the measures by decree. The Nazis gain support Anger and bitterness helped the Nazis to gain more support.Many workers turned to communism, but this frightened wealthy businessmen, so they financed Hitler's campaigns. Many middle-class people, alarmed by the obvious failure of democracy, decided that the country needed a strong government. Nationalists and racists blamed the Treaty of Versailles and reparations. [pic] In 1928, the Nazis had only 12 seats in the Reichstag; by July 1932 they had 230 seats and were the largest party. The government was in chaos. President Hindenburg dismissed Bruning in 1932. His replacement – Papen – lasted six months, and the next chancellor – Schleicher – only lasted two months.Hindenburg had to use Article 48 to pass almost every law. In January 1933, Hindenburg and Papen came up with a plan to get the Nazis on their side by offering to make Hitler vice chancellor. He refused and demanded to be made chancellor. They agreed, thinking they could control him. In January 1933, Hitler became chancellor, and immediately set about making himself absolute ruler of Germany using Articl e 48. Reasons why Hitler rose to power 1. Hitler was a great speaker, with the power to make people support him. 2. The moderate political parties would not work together, although together they had more support than the Nazis. . The depression of 1929 created poverty and unemployment, which made people angry with the Weimar government. People lost confidence in the democratic system and turned towards the extremist political parties such as the Communists and Nazis during the depression. 4. The Nazi storm troopers attacked Hitler's opponents. 5. Goebbels' propaganda campaign was very effective and it won support for the Nazis. The Nazis targeted specific groups of society with different slogans and policies to win their support. 6. Hitler was given power in a political deal by Hindenburg and Papen who foolishly thought they could control him. . German people were still angry about the Treaty of Versailles and supported Hitler because he promised to overturn it. 8. Industrialists ga ve Hitler money and support. How Hitler consolidated power 1933-1934 Dates and events 1933-1934 |Date |Event | |27 Feb 1933 |Reichstag Fire Hitler used the fire to his advantage in two ways: | |[pic] |It gave him an opportunity to imprison many communist leaders, which stopped them campaigning during the election. | |It allowed the Nazis to say that the country was in danger from the communists during its election campaign. | | |Both these actions helped the Nazis to win more seats in the election. | | |When the courts convicted Dutch Communist van der Lubbe, but did not convict otherCommunist leaders, Hitler was furious and | | |replaced the courts with the Nazi People's Courts. | |5 Mar 1933 |General Election – only 44 per cent of the population vote for the Nazis, who win 288 seats in the Reichstag. |[pic] |Although it did not give the Nazis the majority that Hitler had hoped for in the Reichstag, it gave them enough seats – after | | |Hitler had arrested all the co mmunist deputies and the other parties had been intimidated by the SA – to get the Enabling Act | | |passed, which is all Hitler needed to do. | |23 Mar 1933 |Enabling Act – the SA intimidates all the remaining non-Nazi deputies. The Reichstag votes to give Hitler the right to make his | |[pic] |own laws. | |Arguably the critical event – it gave Hitler absolute power to make his laws. | |26 April 1933 |Local government is reorganised – the country is carved up into 42 Gaus, which are run by a Gauleiter. These Gaus are separated | |[pic] |into areas, localities and blocks of flats run by a Blockleiter. Hitler sets up the Gestapo. | | |This put the Nazis in control of local government, and allowed the Gestapo to rule by terror. | |2 May 1933 |Trade unions are abolished and their leaders arrested. |[pic] |Abolishing the trade unions allowed Hitler to destroy a group that might have opposed him. It also gave Hitler the opportunity | | |to set up the German La bour Front, which gave him control over German workers. | |20 June 1933 |Concordat – Hitler makes an agreement with the Pope who sees him as someone who can destroy communism. This agreement allows | |[pic] |Hitler to take over political power in Germany as long as he leaves the Catholic Church alone.Hitler's agreement with the Pope | | |was a temporary truce that allowed Hitler to ban the Catholic Zentrum party without opposition from the Catholic Church. | |14 July 1933 |Political parties are banned – only the Nazi party is allowed to exist. | |[pic] |Banning political parties made Germany a one-party state and destroyed democracy in the country. | | |After this action, Germans could no longer get rid of Hitler in an election. |24 April 1934 |People's Courts – Hitler sets up the Nazi people's courts where judges have to swear an oath of loyalty to the Nazis. | |[pic] |These were set up to give Hitler greater control over the judgements made in courts. Hitler w as furious because the courts did | | |not sentence the communists to death for starting the Reichstag fire. | |30 June 1934 |Night of the Long Knives – some SA leaders are demanding that the Nazi party carry out its socialist agenda, and that the SA | |[pic] |take over the army.Hitler cannot afford to annoy the businessmen or the army, so the SS [SS: Also known as the Blackshirts. A | | |German police/ military style organisation created to serve as the personal bodyguards of Adolf Hitler. In Hitler's Germany they| | |eventually controlled the intelligence, security and police forces, and extermination of those they considered undesirable. ] | | |murders perhaps 400 of the SA members, including its leader Rohm, along with a number of Hitler's other opponents. | |This destroyed all opposition within the Nazi Party. It gave power to the brutal SS. It also showed the rest of the world what a| | |tyrant Hitler was. | |19 Aug 1934 |Fuhrer – when Hindenburg dies, Hitler dec lares himself jointly president, chancellor and head of the army. This formally made | |[pic] |Hitler the absolute ruler of Germany. | Many historians believe that Nazi Germany only appeared to be a dictatorship.In fact, officials were left to make most of the decisions themselves, and the Nazi government was badly-organised, and chaotic. Hitler and the army It is important to note that in 1934, the army was not subject to Hitler's authority. At this point, he still needed the army's support, which is why he destroyed the SA in the Night of the Long Knives. In 1938, army leaders hoped Hitler's plan to conquer the Sudetenland would fail and give them an opportunity to depose [Depose: To remove a ruler or monarch. ] him.When he suceeded, their attempt to get rid of him fell apart, and Hitler dismissed the chief of staff and 60 other generals. Thereafter, the army was also subservient to Hitler. The structures of control in the Nazi state Hitler introduced many policies and measures to ensure the Nazis remained in control, once he declared himself Fuhrer. These measures dealt with political opponents, as well as ordinary people, who suddenly found their private, social and working lives controlled by the Nazis. Seven key structures The Nazi party aimed to control every aspect of people's political, social and working lives.It maintained control through a mixture of propaganda [Propaganda: A type of advertising for an idea or cause, produced by supporters or opponents of that idea or cause. It is usually produced to influence how the people of a nation think. ] and intimidation. 1. Government (political) The way Hitler consolidated power in 1933-1934 meant that the Nazis had absolute control of national and local government. 2. Religion (social) †¢ Hitler believed that religion was a threat to the Nazis' control over people's minds, so he tried different ways to reduce the power of the church over people.Non-Nazi Catholic priests and Protestant pastors such a s Martin Niemoller and Dietrich Bonhoffer were sent to concentration camps. †¢ Jews and Jehovah's Witnesses were openly persecuted. †¢ Hitler set up a state Reich Church, which banned the Bible and the cross. †¢ Nazis encouraged people to revive the old Viking myths and ceremonies. 3. Culture (social) †¢ Hitler ordered Nazification – the imposition of Nazi values – on all aspects of German life. Artists had to produce acceptable paintings that portrayed Nazi values. †¢ Jazz music was banned. †¢ Books written by Jews were publicly burned. Homosexuals were persecuted; they did not fit the Nazi image of the ideal family. †¢ The Olympic Games of 1936 were a huge Nazi propaganda success. 4. Work (working) †¢ Dr Robert Ley, head of the DAF [DAF: German Labour Front ], boasted that he controlled workers' lives from the ‘cradle to the grave'. The RAD (National Labour Service) sent young men on public works. †¢ Hitler introduce d conscription in 1936; most men went into the army after the RAD. †¢ The DAF (German Labour Front) controlled workers' conditions at work. †¢ The KdF (Strength through Joy) movement regulated their leisure time. . Education and youth (working) †¢The lives of young people were controlled both in and out of school to turn them into fanatical Nazis. Non-Nazi teachers and university professors were sacked; teachers had to join the National Socialist Teachers' League. †¢ Textbooks were re-written to include Nazi political and racial ideas. †¢ History was taught to glorify Germany. †¢ There was a concentration on physical fitness. †¢ Girls were taught cookery; boys were taught science and maths. †¢ The Hitler Youth was compulsory; it indoctrinated boys and prepared them for war. The Nazi Girls' youth organisation – the BDM – was compulsory; it indoctrinated girls and prepared them for church, children and cooking. 6. Terror (method of control) †¢ Germany became a country where it was unsafe to do or say anything critical of the government. SS and Gestapo (Secret State Police. ) †¢ Blockleiters in each block of flats and street informed on ‘grumblers'. †¢ Arrests of thousands of people terrified opponents. †¢ Set up Nazi people's courts. †¢ Concentration camps.7. Propaganda (method of control) Josef Goebbels controlled the Propaganda Ministry, which aimed to brainwash people into obeying the Nazis and idolising Hitler. Mass rallies at Nuremberg. †¢ Newspapers were censored. †¢ People's radios were sold very cheaply, but broadcasts were controlled. †¢ Films were controlled to make films that glorified war and pilloried the Jews. †¢ Loudspeakers in public places blared out Nazi propaganda. †¢ Cult of personality – Hitler's picture was everywhere, and he was portrayed as Germany's saviour. Women in the Nazi state Hitler had very clear ideas about the wom an's role in the Nazi state – she was the centre of family life, a housewife and mother. Hitler even introduced a medal for women who had eight or more children!The role of women The Nazis had clear ideas of what they wanted from women. Women were expected to stay at home and look after the family. Women doctors, teachers and civil servants were forced to give up their careers. Even at the end of the war, women were never asked to serve in the armed forces. Their job was to keep the home nice for their husband and family – their life should revolve round the three ‘Ks': †¢ church †¢ children †¢ cooking Goebbels said: â€Å"The mission of women is to be beautiful and to bring children into the world. † Hitler wanted a high birth rate, so the population would grow.The Nazis even considered making it law that families should have at least four children. Girls did keep fit in the BDM [BDM: Bund Deutscher Madel – the German group for girls age 14+ ] to make themselves healthy for childbirth, but they were discouraged from staying slim, because it was thought that thin women had trouble giving birth. The Law for the Encouragement of Marriage gave newly wed couples a loan of 1,000 marks, and allowed them to keep 250 marks for each child they had. Mothers who had more than eight children were given a gold medal.Unmarried women could volunteer to have a baby for an Aryan [Aryan: a person of European decent (not Jewish) often with blond hair and blue eyes – the Nazis viewed as the superior human race ] member of the SS Women were supposed to emulate traditional German peasant fashions – plain peasant costumes, hair in plaits or buns and flat shoes. They were not expected to wear make-up or trousers, dye their hair or smoke in public. Opposition Those who spoke out against Hitler and his policies faced intimidation and threats from the Gestapo or imprisonment and in some cases execution.However, there were so me brave individuals and groups who openly opposed Hitler and his policies. Who opposed Hilter? It was difficult – and dangerous – to oppose Hitler. However, some brave people did try: 1. The Catholic Archbishop of Munster, von Galen, led a successful campaign to end euthanasia of mentally-disabled people. 2. Some Catholic priests opposed Hitler. In 1937, the Pope's message ‘With Burning Concern' attacked Hitler as ‘a mad prophet with repulsive arrogance' and was read in every Catholic church. 3. The White Rose group was formed by students at Munich University.They published anti-Nazi leaflets, but were discovered and executed in 1944. 4. A paramilitary wing of the Social Democratic Party, called the Reichsbanner, sabotaged railway lines and acted as spies. 5. During the war, ‘swing' groups were formed. These were young people who rejected Nazi values, drank alcohol and danced to jazz. More violent groups were called the Edelweiss Pirates. They daubed anti-Nazi slogans, sheltered deserters and beat up Nazi officials. In 1944, the Cologne Pirates (the Edelweiss Pirates based in Cologne) killed the Gestapo chief, so the Nazis publicly hanged 12 of them. . Many Protestant pastors, led by Martin Niemoller, formed the Confessional Church in opposition to Hitler's Reich Church. Niemoller was held in a concentration camp during the period 1937-1945. Another Protestant pastor, Dietrich Bonhoffer, took part in the 1944 bomb plot and was executed. 7. In 1944, a group of army officers and intellectuals called the Kreisau Circle tried to bomb Hitler. The bomb was planted by Colonel Stauffenberg. It exploded, but Hitler survived. In retaliation, 5,000 people were executed. Persecution Who did the Nazis persecute?The Nazis believed that only Germans could be citizens and that non-Germans did not have any right to the rights of citizenship. The Nazis racial philosophy taught that some races were untermensch (sub-human). Many scientists at this time believed that people with disabilities or social problems were genetic degenerates whose genes needed to be eliminated from the human bloodline. The Nazis, therefore: †¢ Tried to eliminate the Jews. †¢ Killed 85 per cent of Germany's Gypsies. †¢ Sterilised black people. †¢ Killed mentally disabled babies. †¢ Killed mentally ill patients. †¢ Sterilised physically disabled people and people with hereditary diseases. Sterilised deaf people. †¢ Put homosexuals, prostitutes, Jehovah's Witnesses, alcoholics, pacifists, beggars, hooligans and criminals – who they regarded as anti-social – into concentration camps. How the Nazis persecuted the Jews: key dates 1933 †¢ Boycott of Jewish businesses. †¢ Jewish civil servants, lawyers and teachers sacked. †¢ Race Science lessons to teach that Jews are inferior 1935 †¢ ‘Jews not wanted here' signs put up at swimming pools etc. †¢ Nuremberg laws (15 September) Je ws could not be citizens. They were not allowed to vote or to marry a German. 1938 †¢ Jews could not be doctors. Jews had to add the name Israel (men) or Sarah (women) to their name. †¢ Jewish children forbidden to go to school. †¢ Kristallnacht (9 November) – attacks on Jewish homes, businesses and synagogues [Synagogues: These are places of Jewish worship and community. ]. [pic] A shop damaged during Kristallnacht 1939 †¢ Jews were forced to live in ghettoes. 1941 †¢ Army Einsatzgruppen squads in Russia started mass-shootings of Jews. †¢ All Jews were forced to wear a yellow star of David. 1942 †¢ Wansee Conference (20 January) decided on the Final Solution, which was to gas all Europe's Jews.The main death camps were at Auschwitz, Treblinka and Sobibor. Economic policies and benefits Hitler's economic policy had four main ideas: 1. Full employment – the idea that everyone should have a job. By 1939, there was virtually no unemploym ent in Germany. 2. Beauty of Work – the Nazis set up the SdA (Beauty of Work) to help Germans see that work was good, and that everyone who could work should. In fact – because the Nazis had abolished the trade unions, banned strikes, and given more power to the industrialists – real wages fell and hours were longer under Hitler. 3. Re-armament begun in 1935 – the idea of ‘guns before butter'. . Autarky – there was an unsuccessful attempt at making Germany self-sufficient.The good life in Nazi Germany Despite the loss of political and religious freedom, life improved in Germany for many ordinary people who were prepared to ‘toe the line' and look the other way. †¢ Everybody had a job, and a wage. To people who had been unemployed and starving, ‘work and bread' was a wonderful blessing worth every civil liberty they lost. †¢ The Nazis set up KdF (Strength through Joy), which gave workers rewards for their work – ev ening classes, theatre trips, picnics, and even free holidays. The Nazis devised a scheme to allow workers to buy a Volkswagen Beetle car for a small weekly payment. †¢ People appreciated the public works – eg new schools and hospitals. †¢ Nazi Youth groups provided activities and holidays for young people. How Hitler increased employment Hitler introduced many policies to fulfil his goal of full employment: †¢ He stopped paying reparations and invested the money in German companies. †¢ He began a huge programme of public works including planting forests, and building hospitals and schools. He also built public buildings such as the 1936 Olympic Stadium.The construction of the autobahns created work for 80,000 men. †¢ Rearmament created jobs in the armaments industry. †¢ The introduction of national service meant all young men spent six months in the RAD [RAD: The labour service in which young men in Germany had to do a six-month compulsory stint . ] and then they were conscripted into the army. By 1939, 1. 4 million men were in the army, so they were not counted as unemployed. †¢ Many Jews were sacked and their jobs given to non-Jews. †¢ Many women were sacked and their jobs given to men.